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What is the role of a software engineer?

Programmer, developer, coder. These are all terms sometimes used to refer to a software engineer. Put simply, a software engineer is someone who creates computer software. But a more accurate way to think about the role is that you apply engineering principles to the software development process — designing, developing, and maintaining software.

Great software engineers are exceptional problem solvers and essential partners in the product development process. While product managers lead the product vision (focusing on "why" and "what" to build), software engineers bring that vision to life. You deliver the technical "how" and help set the timeline that answers "when."

The field of software engineering is constantly evolving, making it an exciting and dynamic career choice. And software engineers are in high demand. In fact, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects employment opportunities for software engineers will grow by 22 percent in the decade leading up to 2030.

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Keep reading to learn more about this role including job titles, responsibilities, and important skills for succeeding as a software engineer.

What is a software engineer?

The responsibilities of a software engineer are broad, often encompassing everything that is needed to build and maintain code over time. You start by identifying the core functionality required to help solve user problems. From there, you outline the best approach for building the functionality while keeping the overall user experience in mind. You also identify broader requirements, such as the level of security and performance needed to deliver a lovable experience.

Once you know what needs to be built, it is time to design your solution. You will either deliver the solution yourself or hand your designs off to other programmers to write the code and test it. If the solution does not meet expectations, it goes back to the engineer to rethink the design. Once a solution is shipped to customers, software engineers may be involved in maintaining and enhancing it.

Depending on the organization, you may participate in more activities, such as sitting in on customer calls, demoing to customers and prospective customers, and even supporting sales and customer support by supplying technical answers to customer questions.

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Types of software engineers

Software engineers build many different types of software — operating systems, video games, middleware, firmware, mobile applications, business applications, and network control systems. Once you gain a strong foundation and develop some core skills, you can apply your expertise to almost any industry you can imagine.

Generally we can group software engineers into two categories — application software engineers and system software engineers.

Application software engineers

Application software engineers build websites and applications for end-users. You help build new features and functionality as well as update and improve existing code to keep the product running smoothly. Engineers may write front-end or back-end code — some write both.

Application software engineers work as part of a product development team — collaborating with product managers, designers, product marketers, sales, and support teams in order to deliver value to end-users.

System software engineers

System software engineers build operating systems and networks for customer-facing applications. You help connect separate software products into a single platform. This type of engineer typically focuses on back-end code. You work closely with data science professionals, senior systems architects, and other software development teams.

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Common software engineering roles

It is helpful to have a basic understanding of what different job titles mean when you are looking through job listings for software engineering roles. As you advance in your career, you can decide if you want to continue to grow your skills as an individual contributor or if you would like to someday lead a team of developers. Both career pathways can be rewarding — you will just need to decide which option will bring you the most long-term satisfaction.

Here are some of the most common job titles for software engineers:

Job title

Description

Junior web developer

Junior web developers help create and update software applications. You work under the supervision of more senior developers to design, code, and test software elements.

Software developer

Software developers have at least one to three years of experience and handle more advanced software engineering projects. You create, develop, and test software elements, either writing the code yourself or preparing the documentation necessary for other programmers to write the code.

Lead software engineer, Technical architect

Lead software engineer or technical architect is a senior-level engineering role. Your experience allows you to design and manage more unique or complicated software projects, help set team goals, and communicate with customers, partners, and leaders within your organization.

Development team lead, Software development manager

A development team lead is responsible for an entire software team. While you may still write or design code at this level, you will also spend time coordinating efforts across teams to ensure software is successfully delivered to customers. You will find ways to remove roadblocks for team members and keep your team motivated and productive.

Director, Vice President, Chief Technology Officer

A senior technology leader like a VP or CTO oversees the effectiveness of engineering across an organization. You keep your finger on the pulse of your company's engineering efforts and technology resources — looking for emerging issues, identifying opportunities to improve, and outlining strategic efforts to help the business achieve its goals.

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Responsibilities of a software engineer

Let's take a closer look at what software engineers do as part of a product development team. A software engineer's responsibilities can be grouped into six areas which mimic the software development lifecycle — capturing requirements, working on software design, development, testing, releases, and maintenance. Depending on your role and how your team is organized, you might specialize in one or two of these areas or be expected to complete work in all six.

Capturing requirements

Product managers outline the "why" and the "what" for new features and enhancements. Then it is up to you as a software engineer to define what success looks like and outline the requirements to ensure you meet that definition of success. You are responsible for understanding both functional requirements (how the software should function for users) and non-functional requirements (ensuring that the software is secure, maintainable, reliable, scalable, etc.).

Software design

Software design focuses on defining the characteristics of what you are going to build. This includes the software architecture — creating the blueprint for the development team. At this stage you will also work with the UI/UX team to design the user experience and create a prototype of the functionality to validate its look and the flow of design elements. This is an important step for helping the entire product development team visualize the look and feel of the new feature or functionality — so you can spot potential issues or improvements early in the development process.

Software development

During software development, you (or sometimes another developer or programmer) actually build the functionality. You write the code using the appropriate programming language. Your development team will have a specific development process intended to help each engineer move quickly while delivering high quality code. Some teams follow a waterfall approach to software development while others aim to deliver value to customers more quickly using agile methodologies.

Software testing

Once the code is written, you test the code to uncover bugs or other inconsistencies that prevent the code from working as intended. Some organizations have a separate testing team to handle this step, often called the quality assurance (QA) team. QA may rely on a combination of automated and manual tests to ensure each new feature works as designed.

Software releases

Releasing software is the process of putting your new feature into the production environment where customers can actually use it. Many modern software companies use continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) to help the engineering team ship code faster and more efficiently. CI/CD also ensures an efficient process for shipping bug fixes or rolling deployments back if something goes wrong.

Software maintenance

Delivering a new feature or piece of functionality does not mean that your job as a software engineer is done. Any piece of software will require regular updates, improvements, and fixes as people use it and as their needs change.

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Important skills for a software engineer

Software engineers need a wide variety of skills — both technical and non-technical. It is common for software engineers to be well-versed in:

  • Programming and coding

  • Fundamentals of computer science

  • Software design and architecture

  • Algorithms and data structures

  • Information analysis

  • Version control

  • Debugging software

  • Testing software

  • Collaborating

  • Presenting solutions

  • Empathizing with customers

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How to become a software engineer

Many software engineers pursue a bachelor's degree in a relevant discipline such as software engineering, computer science, information technology, or computer and information systems. Some also earn a master's degree in software engineering.

While formal degree programs used to be the only way to break into the software engineering field, it is now possible to develop your skills through college certificate programs, associate degrees, or even self-study, apprenticeships, and bootcamps.

Software engineering can be a rewarding role. You have the opportunity to make people's lives easier by developing software to help them at work or in their day-to-day lives. And you can be part of a team focused on creating value — for your business and customers alike.